多发性硬化晚期患者，亦可从药物治疗中获益

Declaration of interests

GG has received compensation for serving as a consultant, speaker, or research support from Astoria Biologica, Biogen, BMS, F Hoffman-La Roche, Genentech, Kiniksa, Merck KGaA/EMD Serono, Moderna, Sandoz, Sanofi, Viracta, and Zenas BioPharma; has stocks in Astoria Biologica; and has received payment for expert testimony from Novartis. LA has received honoraria from Sanofi-Genzyme and Merck Serono, consulting fees from Novartis, and institutional research grant support from Sanofi-Genzyme and Merck Serono; and has received compensation for participation in a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Novartis and Sanofi-Genzyme. RB has received research support from Biogen, Eli Lilly, F Hoffman-La Roche, Genentech, and Novartis; personal compensation for consulting from Alexion, Amgen, Cadenza, Sanofi, and TG Therapeutics; and manuscript support from F Hoffman-La Roche. GRC has received compensation for participation in data and safety monitoring boards for Applied Therapeutics, AI Therapeutics, AMO Pharma, Argenx, AstraZeneca, Avexis Pharmaceuticals, Bristol Meyers Squibb, CSL Behring, Cynata Therapeutics, DiaMedica Therapeutics, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, Immunic, Inhibrix, Karuna Therapeutics, Kezar Life Sciences, Medtronic, Merck, Meiji Seika Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Holdings, Prothena Biosciences, Novartis, Pipeline Therapeutics (Contineum), Regeneron, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, United BioSource, and University of Texas Southwestern, and in consulting for Alexion, Antisense Therapeutics–Percheron, Avotres, Biogen, Clene Nanomedicine, Clinical Trial Solutions, Endra Life Sciences, Cognito Therapeutics, F Hoffman-La Roche, Genentech, Genzyme, Hoya Corporation, Immunic, Immunosis Pty, Klein-Buendel Incorporated, Kyverna Therapeutics, Linical, Merck–Serono, Noema, Neurogenesis, Perception Neurosciences, Protalix Biotherapeutics, Regeneron, Revelstone Consulting, SAB Biotherapeutics, Sapience Therapeutics, Scott & Scott, and Tenmile; has received institutional grants from University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA; and holds non-financial leadership or fiduciary roles in the Birmingham Jewish Federation, Birmingham Jewish Foundation, and Graffman Endowment Committee. JD reports personal honoraria for speaking, serving on advisory boards, or attending meetings from Amicus, AstraZeneca, Bayer Schering Pharma, Er-Kim, F Hoffman-La Roche, Hemofarm, Janssen–Johnson and Johnson, Medis, Merck, Novartis, PharmaSwiss, and TEVA; and grant or contract support from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia. JH or his affiliated institutions have received either consulting fees, honoraria, support to attend meetings, compensation for participation on a data safety monitoring or advisory board, or research support from CHARIOT MS, F Hoffmann-La Roche, Sanofi, and Novartis; his institution received licences for rating scales. XM's institution has received compensation for lecture honoraria and travel expenses, participation in scientific meetings, or clinical advisory board participation in recent years from F Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck, Novartis, and Sanofi-Genzyme. KWS received honoraria for speaking and consulting for AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, F Hoffman-La Roche, Merck, Novartis, and TG Therapeutics and travel compensation for EAN 2024 from TEVA. CT has a research grant (PI24/01277 and FORT23/00034) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and has received compensation for consulting, speaking engagements, and attending meetings for Bristol Myers Squibb, F Hoffman-La Roche, Immunic Therapeutics, Merck, Novartis, and Sanofi. JSW has received personal compensation for consulting and serving on scientific advisory boards with Cleveland Clinic Foundation, EMD Serono, Novartis, F Hoffmann-La Roche–Genentech, Sandoz and Zenas BioPharma; and manuscript support from F Hoffmann-La Roche; royalties are received for out-licensed anti-viral monoclonal antibodies through UTHealth as a proportion of what UTHealth receives from Millipore. AB, UB, LC, CG, MM, H-MS, PS, QW, and KY are employees and some are also shareholders of F Hoffmann-La Roche. JO has received compensation for consulting from Amgen, Biogen Idec, Cabaletta, EMD Serono, F Hoffmann-La Roche, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Sudo Biosciences and research funding from Biogen Idec, Brain Canada, F Hoffmann-La Roche, MS Canada, National MS Society, and the Waugh Family Chair in MS Research. MC and JK declare no competing interests.