柳叶刀-神经病学 | 2023年全球超过25万人死于脑膜炎，其中三分之一以上为5岁以下儿童

Q E S Adnani reports grant or contract support from the Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) on behalf of the Indonesian Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, and managed under the EQUITY Program (Contract No. 4303/ B3/DT.03.08/2025 and 3927/UN6.RKT/HK.07.00/2025) (Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia), outside the submitted work. S A Afzal reports support for the present manuscript from the Institute of Public Health Lahore; grants or contracts from the Dean office Institute of Public Health Lahore; honoraria for experts, lectures, visiting speakers, and educational seminars provided by the Dean Institute of Public Health Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; support for attending meetings and travel provided by the Dean Institute of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a Member of the Pakistan Higher Education Commission Research Committee, Member of Pakistan Medical and Dental Commission Research and Journals Committee, Member of Pakistan National Bioethics Committee, Member of Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine, Member of Pakistan Association of Medical Editors, Member of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Society, a Fellow of LEADS International, Fellow of Faculty of Public Health UK, and as a Fellow of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, and services including computer software and equipment from Bergen University Norway for research writing; and other financial or non-financial support from the Dean Public Health Institute of Public Health Birdwood Lahore, outside the submitted work. R Ancuceanu reports consulting fees from AbbVie and Merck Romania; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AbbVie, Laropharm, Reckitt, Merck Romania, MagnaPharm, Biessen Pharma, and ALK Slovakia; and support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Merck Romania and Reckitt; outside the submitted work. M S Aslam reports grants or contracts from Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund (XMUMRF; grant numbers XMUMRF/2025-C15/ITCM/0006 and XMUMRF/2023-C11/ISEM/0041) outside the submitted work. A Beloukas reports grants or contracts from Gilead and GSK/ViiV, both paid to the University of West Attica; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Gilead and GSK/ViiV, both paid to the University of West Attica; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Gilead and GSK/ViiV, both paid to the University of West Attica; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts, or other services from Cepheid; outside the submitted work. P Bettencourt reports the following patents: WO2020229805A1, BR112021022592A2, EP3965809A1, OA1202100511, US2023173050A1, EP4265271A2, EP4275700A2, EP4265271A3, and EP4275700A3; all outside the submitted work. S Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI; grant ID 23KF0126), JSPS and the Australian Academy of Science, JSPS International Fellowship (grant ID P23712); leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as District Chair, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Belonging of Rotary District 9675 (Sydney, Australia), as Chair, Founding Member and Manager of the Global Health & Migration Hub Community, Global Health Hub Germany (Berlin, Germany), as Editorial Board Member of PLOS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health, Journal of Aging Research, Neurology International, Diagnostics, and BMC Medical Research Methodology; as a member of the College of Reviewers, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Government of Canada; as the Director of Research of World Headache Society (Bengaluru, India); as Expert Adviser/Reviewer of Cariplo Foundation (Milan, Italy); as Visiting Director of National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Neurology, Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Suita (Osaka, Japan); as Member, Scientific Review Committee of Cardiff University Biobank (Cardiff, UK); as Chair of Rotary Reconciliation Action Plan; and as Healthcare and Medical Adviser at Japan Connect (Osaka, Japan); outside the submitted work. C Brown reports other financial or non-financial support from ad hoc one-off market research advisory, outside the submitted work. A K Demetriades reports a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as Board Member of EANS Foundation, Board Member and Vice President of Global Neuro Foundation, and Past President and Board Member of EANS (European Association of Neurosurgical Societies); outside the submitted work. D Dias da Silva reports grants or contracts from FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Project 2024.06933.RESTART) and E2S|P.Porto - Escola Superior de Saúde do Politécnico do Porto; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto (Portugal) and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (Portugal); support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from E2S|P.Porto - Escola Superior de Saúde do Politécnico do Porto, Portugal and Research Unit LAQV-REQUIMTE, Portugal; outside the submitted work. B G Gessner reports stock or stock options in Pfizer as a previous Pfizer employee; outside the submitted work. Z B Harboe reports grants or contracts from the Greater Copenhagen Health Science Partners (CAG VAX - Clinical Academic Group Translational Vaccine Research in High-Risk Adults), Independent Research Fund Denmark (Inge Lehmanns grant number 3162-00031B), Helen Rudes Foundation, the Danish Cancer Society (Grant number KBVU-MS R327-A19137), Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant number NNF24SA0090556), and the Danish National Research Foundation (grant number DNRF170). Z B Harboe is also affiliated as medical advisor to the Pneumococcal laboratory at Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. Z B Harboe is a member of the Danish Vaccination Council; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with the Vaccine Study Group (EVASG), European Society of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID); all outside the submitted work. A Hassan reports consulting fees from Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Biologix, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Merz, Roche, Merck, Hikma Pharma, Janssen, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma, and Elixir Pharma; payment or honoraria from Novartis, Allergan, AbbVie, Merck, Biologix, Viatris, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, AstraZeneca, Hikma Pharma, Al Andalus, Chemipharm, Lundbeck, Elixir, EvaPharma, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma, and Habib Scientific Office, and Everpharma; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Novartis, Allergan, Merz, Pfizer, Merck, Biologix, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, Hikma Pharma, Chemipharm, and Al Andalus and Clavita Pharma; leadership or fiduciary role in other organizations as Vice President of MENA headache society, board member of the Multiple Sclerosis chapter of the Egyptian Society of Neurology, board member of the Headache chapter of the Egyptian Society of Neurology, Member of committee of Education of the International Headache Society (IHS), membership committee of IHS and regional committee of IHS, outside the submitted work. C Herteliu reports grants or contracts from a project “Analysis of the impact of Covid-19 on the main demographic indicators in Romania and the Republic of Moldova by using econometric modeling” (code PN-IV-P8-8.3-ROMD-2023-0208) funded by the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization (MCID) through UEFISCDI; partially supported by a grant of the European Commission Horizon 4P-CAN (Personalised Cancer Primary Prevention Research through Citizen Participation and Digitally Enabled Social Innovation); partially supported by the project “Societal and Economic Resilience within multi-hazards environment in Romania” funded by European Union – NextgenerationEU; partially supported by the project “A better understanding of socio- economic systems using quantitative methods from Physics” funded by European Union-Romanian Government, under National Recovery and Resilience Plan for Romania (contract number 760050/ 23.05.2023, code PNRR-C9-I8-CF 267/29.11.2022), through the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, within Component 9, Investment I8; and supported by NextgenerationEU and Romanian Government, under National Recovery and Resilience Plan for Romania (contract number 760034/23.05.2023, code PNRR-C9-I8-CF 255/ 29.11.2022), through the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, within Component 9, Investment I8, outside the submitted work. I Ilic reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (number 451-03-137/2025-03/200110). M Ilic reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (number 451-03-47/2023-01/200111). N E Ismail reports a leadership or fiduciary role as the Bursar and Council Member of the Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy in Malaysia (unpaid), as a Committee Member of the Malaysian Pharmacists Society Education Chapter Committee (unpaid), and as Deputy President of Information Technology Service Management Forum (itSMF) Malaysia Chapter (unpaid); outside the submitted work. T Joo reports support for the present manuscript from the National Research, Development and Innovation Office in Hungary (RRF-2·3.1-21-2022-00006, Data-Driven Health Division of National Laboratory for Health Security. J Jozwiak reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Novartis, Adamed, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Servier, and Novo Nordisc, outside the submitted work. M K Kashyap reports grants or contracts from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi (grant number 5/13/55/2020/NCD-III); and two Indian patents pending (2023-1100-3940 and 2023-1105-8515); outside the submitted work. J H Kempen reports support for the present manuscript from Sight for Souls and the Mass Eye and Ear Global Surgery Program; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from the University of Nebraska; leadership or fiduciary roles in other organisations with Sight for Souls as the Board of Directors President; stock or stock options in Betaliq (startup developing a new eye drop technology and a new beta blocker eye drop) and Tarsier (startup developing a novel anti-inflammatory eyedrop), outside the submitted work. J Khubchandani reports grants or contracts from Merck Pharmaceuticals; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from the North American Transplant Coordinators Organization and Elsevier; outside the submitted work. K Krishan reports non-financial support from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, and RUSA 2.O grant awarded to Panjab University (Chandigarh, India); outside the submitted work. H Liu reports other financial or non-financial support as a mentor of the National Medical Research Association (NMRA, UK), a member of British Society for Cardiovascular Research (BSCR, UK), and a member of Cardiovascular Analytics Group (CVAG, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China). These are non-profit academic associations and outside the submitted work. J Liu reports support for the present manuscript from the Prevention and Control of Emerging and Major Infectious Diseases- National Science and Technology Major Project (2025ZD01900800) and National Natural Science Foundation (72474005); grants or contracts from the National Science and Technology Major Project (2025ZD01900800), and National Natural Science Foundation (72474005). M Marks-Hultström reports grants or contracts from the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation and the Regional Health Authority Research Foundation for Middle Sweden; royalties or licenses for chapters in “Intensivvård”; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the American Physiological Society and the Swedish Intensive Care Society; leadership or fiduciary roles with the American Physiological Society (unpaid); outside the submitted work. R J Maude reports support for the present manuscript from the Wellcome Trust; this research was supported in part by the Wellcome Trust (grant number 220211) as it provides core funding for Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research and contributes to R J Maude's salary. R J Maude is required by Wellcome to acknowledge this grant in all publications. L Monasta reports support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017), payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”. C Moore reports leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with the Microbiology Society as Co-chair for the Impact and Influence committee and co-lead for the Knocking Out AMR project, travel claimed for meetings; outside the submitted work. J Mosser reports support for the present manuscript from the Gates Foundation; grants or contracts from the Gates Foundation; payment or honoraria from Providence Health & Services honorarium for continuing medical education presentation; and support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the Gates Foundation. S Nomura reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (grant 24H00663), and from the Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (grant JPMJPR22R8). B Oancea reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization through the Core Program of the National Research, Development and Innovation Plan 2022–2027, project number PN 23-02-0101, contract number 7N/2023. S K Panda reports support for the present manuscript from Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) for payment of salary, and grants or contracts from file number 17-59/2023-24/CCRH/Tech./Coll./ ICMR-Diabetes/960 as Co-Investigator. G D Panos reports support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Roche HELLAS and Bayer Greece; outside the submitted work. A Pollard reports grants or contracts from the Gates Foundation, Wellcome, Cepi, MRC, NIHR, AstraZeneca, European Commission, Serum Institute of India, and Ellison Institute of Technology, all grants paid to institution; royalties or licenses as a contributor to intellectual property licensed by Oxford University Innovation to AstraZeneca; consulting fees from Shiongoi and the Ellison Institute (Oxford); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as chair of the UK Department of Health and Social Care's Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation 2013–2025; as Member of WHO's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization until 2022; as Chair of WHO's Salmonella Technical Advisory Group until end of 2024 and current member; and as Member of WHO's Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee from August, 2025; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts, or other services from Moderna to their institution, outside the submitted work. Y L Samodra reports grants or contracts from the Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine at National Taiwan University National Science and Technology Council (post-doctoral fellowship contract); leadership or fiduciary role with Benang (https://www.benangmerah.net) Merah Research Center; other financial or non-financial support from Jago Beasiswa (https://www.idebeasiswa.com) as a scholarship and academic consultant; outside the submitted work. V Sharma reports support from the Directorate of Forensic Science Services (Ministry of Home Affairs) research project (DFSS28(1)2019/EMR/6) and the Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) grant at the Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. V Shivarov reports patents planned, issued, or pending from the Bulgarian Patent Office; and other financial or non-financial support from ICON (salary); outside the submitted work. L M L R D Silva reports grants or contracts with SPRINT - Sport Physical Activity and Health Research e Innovation Center, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 6 Guarda, Portugal; and collaboration with RISE–UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal, outside the submitted work. E A F Simôes reports support for the present manuscript from the Gates Foundation; grants or contracts from AstraZeneca, Merck & Co, Pfizer, Vaxcyte, Enanta and Icosavax; consulting fees from Merck & Co, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Enanta, and Icosavax; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Pfizer and AstraZeneca; support for attending meetings or travel from Pfizer, Sanofi, and AstraZeneca; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with AbbVie, GlaxoSmithKline, and Moderna, outside the submitted work. M Zielińska reports other financial support as an AstraZeneca employee, outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from ROMTech, Atheneum, Clearview Healthcare Partners, American College of Rheumatology, Yale, Hulio, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, DINORA, ANI/ Exeltis, USA Inc, Frictionless Solutions, Schipher, Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs, Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Putnam Associates, Focus Forward, Navigant Consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, Practice Point communications, the US National Institutes of Health, and the American College of Rheumatology; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from OMERACT as a past steering committee member; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with the US Food and Drug Administration Arthritis Advisory Committee as a previous member (no financial support); leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a past steering committee member of OMERACT; stock or stock options in Atai life sciences, Kintara therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen Pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart Pharmaceuticals, Atyu Biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics, Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp, Aebona Pharmaceuticals, and Charlotte's Web Holdings, and previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking, and Moderna Pharmaceuticals; all outside the submitted work. S Singh reports grants or contracts from DTRA-Biological Threat Reduction Program, HDTRA1-21-1-0036; Indian Council of Medical Research, VIR/12/2022/ECD-1; and Institute of Eminence, Banaras Hindu University; outside the submitted work. J H V Ticoalu reports leadership or fiduciary role in other organisations from Benang (https://www.benangmerah.net) Merah Research Center; outside the submitted work. S J Tromans reports grants or contracts from part of the 2023/4 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey team, collecting epidemiological data on community-based adults living in England. This is a contracted study from NHS Digital, via the Department of Health and Social Care. S J Tromans has also contributed to multiple chapters of the 2023/4 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey report, payments made to the University of Leicester. S J Tromans led a study funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Clinical Research Network, on optimising survey design for people with learning disability and autistic people, payments made to the University of Leicester. S J Tromans led a study from the National Institute for Health and Care Research related to reviewing a national training programme for health and social care professionals relating to learning disability and autism, payments made to the University of Leicester. S J Tromans was co-applicant on study funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research related to identification, recording, and reasonable adjustments for people with a learning disability and autistic people in NHS electronic clinical record systems, payments made to the University of Leicester. S J Tromans was co-applicant on a study funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research related to medication support interventions and strategies for people with learning disabilities, payments made to the University of Leicester. S J Tromans was lead applicant on a study funded by the Baily Thomas Charitable Fund investigating barriers, enablers, and interventions to facilitate deprescribing for people with intellectual disability, payments made to the University of Leicester. S J Tromans reports support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the Royal College of Psychiatrists for accommodation and travel to conference events due to their role as academic secretary in the faculty of the Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability, as well as additional conference fees waived for Royal College of Psychiatrists; leadership or fiduciary roles as Academic Secretary for the Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry Special Interest Group and Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Faculty at the Royal College of Psychiatrists; roles as Associate Editor for Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, Editorial Board Member for Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disability, Advances in Autism, BMC Psychiatry, and BJPsych Open (no payments received for these roles); and royalties received as Editor of Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Across Cultures (Oxford University Press); outside the submitted work. V S Tseriotis reports grants or contracts from the European Academy of Neurology, European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Inovis, Genesis Pharma, and Novartis; outside the submitted work. E Upadhyay reports the following published patents: “A system and method of reusable filters for anti-pollution mask”, “A system and method for electricity generation through crop stubble by using microbial fuel cells”, “A system for disposed personal protection equipment (PPE) into biofuel through pyrolysis and method”, “A novel herbal pharmaceutical aid for formulation of gel and method thereof”, “Herbal drug formulation for treating lung tissue degenerated by particulate matter exposure”, and the following filed patents: “A method to transform cow dung into the wall paint by using natural materials and composition thereof”, “Biodegradable packaging composition and method of preparation thereof”, “Eco-friendly bio-shoe polish from banana and turmeric”, “Honey-based polyherbal syrup composition to treat air pollution-induced inflammation and preparation method thereof”, “Process for preparing a caffeine free, antioxidant and nutrient rich beverage”; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, as Executive Council Member of the Indian Meteorological Society, Jaipur Chapter (India) and as Member Secretary of the DSTPURSE Program; all outside the submitted work. M Zielinska reports other financial or non-financial support as an Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease employee, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.