2023年，全球127万例肠道传染病死亡中87%由腹泻造成：轮状病毒是首要原因

S Afzal reports support for their participation in the current manuscript (study material, manuscripts, medical writings, and library resources) from the Institute of Public health Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; grants or contracts, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events, and support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the Dean Institute of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board as a membership of the Pakistan National Bioethics Committee, membership of the Institutional Review Board of Fatima Jinnah Medical University, membership of the Ethical Review Board and Data Monitoring Board of the Institute of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; in charge of the Clinical Research Organization of King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan; membership of the Annals of King Edward Medical University Advisory Board; leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid; membership of the Pakistan Higher Education Commission Research Committee, membership of the Pakistan Medical and Dental Commission Research and Journals Committee, membership of the Pakistan National Bioethics Committee, membership of the Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine, membership of the Pakistan Association of Medical Editors, membership of the Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Society; Fellowship of Leads International, Fellowship of the Faculty of Public Health UK, Fellowship of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan; receipt of computer software and equipment from Bergen University Norway for research writing; and other financial or non-financial interests in the Dean Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Lahore; all outside the submitted work. Ali Ahmed reports support for their participation in the current manuscript from the US National Institute of Mental Health (RO1MH126768). M Al-Nusaif reports grants or contracts from the EU's Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under a Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement (number 101081441; partial funding), outside the submitted work. R Ancuceanu reports consulting fees from AbbVie and Merck Romania; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AbbVie, Laropharm, Reckitt, Merck Romania, MagnaPharm, Biessen Pharma, and ALK Slovakia; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Merck Romania and Reckitt; all outside the submitted work. M Asaduzzaman reports leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees, or advocacy groups, unpaid, as a board member of the American Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene (ASTMH), outside the submitted work. M S Asghar reports support for attending meetings or travel support, or both, for attending meetings and/or travel for ASTMH (Annual Meeting Travel Award 2022; Oct 31–Nov 3, 2022, US$1000) American Society of Nephrology (Kidney Week; ASN Kidney Stars Award 2023; Nov 2–5, 2023, $1000), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDWeek, HIVMA Investigator Travel Award 2024, Oct 16 –18, 2024, $1200), American Society of Nephrology (Kidney Week; ASN Kidney Stars Award 2024; Oct 24–27, 2024, $1500), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDWeek; KASS Resident Abstract Travel Award 2025; Oct 19–22, 2025, $750), and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE; AACE Domestic Resident In-Training Travel Grant 2026; April 22–24, 2026, $1000); all outside the submitted work. M S Aslam reports support for their participation in the current manuscript from Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund (XMUMRF) through grants XMUMRF/2025-C15/ITCM/0006, XMUMRF/2023-C11/ISEM/0041, and XMUMRF/2026-C17/ITCM/0007; all outside the submitted work. A Beloukas reports grants, contracts, payment, or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events, and support for attending meetings or travel, or both, all from Gilead and GSK/ViiV and paid to the university of West Attica; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts, or other services from Cepheid, for providing free-of-charge reagents for a research project; all outside the submitted work. P J G Bettencourt reports patents planned, issued, or pending (WO2020229805A1, BR112021022592A2, EP3965809A1, OA1202100511, US2023173050A1, EP4265271A2, EP4275700A2, EP4265271A3, EP4275700A3), all outside the submitted work. S Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT); Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI; grant ID: 23KF0126), JSPS, and the Australian Academy of Science, JSPS International Fellowship (grant ID: P23712); leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with Rotary District 9675, Sydney, Australia, Global Health & Migration Hub Community, Global Health Hub Germany, Berlin, Germany, PLOS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health, Journal of Aging Research, Neurology International, Diagnostics, BMC Medical Research Methodology, College of Reviewers, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Government of Canada, World Headache Society (Bengaluru, India), Cariplo Foundation (Milan, Italy), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Neurology, Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology (Suita, Osaka, Japan), Cardiff University Biobank (Cardiff, UK), and Rotary Reconciliation Action Plan, Japan Connect (Osaka, Japan); all outside the submitted work. A S Bose reports support for their participation in the current manuscript from the Gates Foundation, which supported WHO for global paediatric rotavirus and paediatric diarrhoea surveillance in select countries; the Gates Foundation had no role in analysis or publications from this surveillance support. M E Bryan reports leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with Guy's and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust as Governor and with Serova as co-founder; and stock or stock options in Serova; all outside the submitted work. N A Feasey reports grants or contracts from the UK National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) through the Global Health Professorship, with payment made to their institution, outside the submitted work. Z B Harboe reports grants or contracts from Greater Copenhagen Health Science Partners (CAG VAX - Clinical Academic Group Translational Vaccine Research in High-Risk Adults), Independent Research Fund Denmark (Inge Lehmanns grant number 3162-00031B), Helen Rudes Foundation, the Danish Cancer Society (grant number KBVU-MS R327-A19137), Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant number NNF24SA0090556), and the Danish National Research Foundation (grant number DNRF170). Z B Harboe is also a medical advisor to the Pneumococcal laboratory at Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. Z B Harboe is a member of the Danish Vaccination Council; reports leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with the Vaccine Study Group (EVASG) and European Society of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID); all outside the submitted work. A Hassan reports consulting fees from Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Biologix, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Merz, Roche, Merck, Hikma Pharma, Janssen, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma, and Elixir Pharma; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Novartis, Allergan, AbbVie, Merck, Biologix, Viatris, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, AstraZeneca, Hikma Pharma, Al Andalus, Chemipharm, Lundbeck, Elixir, EvaPharma, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma, Habib Scientific Office, and Everpharma; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Novartis, Allergan, Merz, Pfizer, Merck, Biologix, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, Hikma Pharma, Chemipharm, and Al Andalus and Clavita pharm; leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, as Vice President of the MENA Headache Society, board membership of the Multiple Sclerosis chapter of the Egyptian Society of Neurology, board membership of Headache chapter of the Egyptian Society of Neurology, membership of the committee of Education of the International Headache Society (IHS), being on the membership committee of IHS and regional committee of IHS; all outside the submitted work. I M Ilic reports support for their participation in the current manuscript from Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (number 451-03-137/2025-03/200110). M D Ilic reports support for their participation in the current manuscript from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (number 451-03-47/2023-01/200111). N E Ismail reports leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees, or advocacy groups, unpaid, as The Bursar and Council Member of the Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Malaysia, Committee Member of the Malaysian Pharmacists Society Education Chapter Committee, and Deputy President of the Information Technology Service Management Forum (itSMF) Malaysia Chapter; all outside the submitted work. J J Jozwiak reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Novartis, Adamed, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Servier, and Novo Nordisk, all outside the submitted work. M K Kashyap reports grants or contracts from the Indian Council Of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi (grant number 5/13/55/2020/NCD-III); consulting fees from Clinical Biosamples & Research Services, Noida (UP, India); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Kuvempu University, Shimoga (KNK, India); and Indian patents pending (2023-1100-3940 and 2023-1105-8515); all outside the submitted work. J H Kempen reports support for their participation in the current manuscript from Sight for Souls and Mass Eye and Ear Global Surgery Program through their institution; leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees, or advocacy groups, unpaid, through Sight for Souls as president; and stock or stock options in Betaliq and Tarsier; outside the submitted work. K Krishan reports non-financial support from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, and the RUSA 2.O Grant from the Ministry of Education to the Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. M-C Li reports support for their participation in the current manuscript form the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan (NSTC 113-2314-B-003-002) and the “Higher Education Sprout Project” of National Taiwan Normal University; leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, as Technical Editor, Journal of the American Heart Association, outside the submitted work. H Liu reports other financial or non-financial interests as a mentor of the National Medical Research Association (NMRA, UK) and as a member of British Society for Cardiovascular Research (BSCR, UK), Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM, UK), and Cardiovascular Analytics Group (CVAG; Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China), and as a visiting professor of Universidad Santa Paula, Costa Rica (NMRA, BSCR, IPEM, and CVAG are non-profit academic associations). J Liu reports support for their participation in the current manuscript from grants from the Prevention and Control of Emerging and Major Infectious Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2025ZD01900800). B S Lopes reports grant funding from the Academy of Medical Sciences (NGR2\1559) and from the Applied Microbiology International New Lecturer Grant through institutional payment; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events, and support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from ESCMID Global 2026, Germany and the GIAN programme, IIT Dhanbad, India, through personal payments; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with the Microbiology Society Advisory Council, and ESCMID subgroup Food- and Water-borne Infections Study Group; all outside the submitted work. H R Marateb reports grants or contracts from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya · Barcelona Tech – UPC, outside the submitted work. S Masi reports grants or contracts from Servier through personal payments, and from CertMedica and Novo Nordisk through institutional contracts; consulting fees, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events, support for attending meetings or travel, or both, participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board, all with Servier through personal payments; all outside the submitted work. R J Maude reports support for their participation in the present manuscript in part by Wellcome Trust (grant number 220211) as it provides core funding for Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research and contributes to their salary. They are required by Wellcome to acknowledge this grant in all publications. L Monasta reports support for their participation in the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017), payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo. S Nomura reports support for their participation in the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan Grant (24H00663). B Oancea reports support for their participation in the present manuscript from by Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding (UEFISCDI) project PN-IV-P6-6.1-CoEx-2024-0196 and by the Romanian National Research, Development, and Innovation Plan 2022–2027, project PNRR/2022/C9/MCID/I8 number 1672173292, contract number 760231. I N Okeke reports grants or contracts from Grand Challenges Global Call-to-Action: Challenge Calestous Juma Fellowship from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-036234), and Typhoid Environmental Surveillance in Nigeria (INV-048135; funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation); royalties or licenses from Genetics: Genes, Genomes and Evolution (Oxford University Press); royalties for Divining Without Seeds: The case for strengthening laboratory Medicine in Africa (Cornell University Press); royalties for Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries (Springer); consulting fees from Wellcome Trust, UK and UK Medical Research Council; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to attend Grand Challenges Annual Meetings each year, the 2023 Typhoid Environmental Surveillance Convening and the 2026 International Conference on Diarrheal Disease, from Cambridge University to attend iNTS convening in the Democratic Republic of Congo (December, 2024), from the American Society for Microbiology to attend ASM Conferences, and from The Lancet AMR series/One health Trust to attend the World Health Assembly (May, 2024); leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with the Thomas Bassir Biomedical Foundation (Nigeria; 2019); other non-financial interests as Senior Editor, Microbial Genomics (2022–26) and as Surveillance Lead, AMR Technical Work Group (2017), Nigeria Center for Disease Control; outside the submitted work. S K Panda reports support for their participation in the current manuscript from Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) through their employment; grants or contracts from the Indian National Science Academy, Government of India (file number HS/RC/393), outside the submitted work. G D Panos reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Thea GREECE through personal payments and from Roche Hellas through institutional payments; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Roche Hellas and Bayer Greece; outside the submitted work. R Passera reports participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for the clinical trial “Consolidation with ADCT- 402 (loncastuximab tesirine) after immunochemotherapy: a phase II study in BTKi-treated/ineligible Relapse/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) patients”, Fondazione Italiana Linfomi (FIL), Alessandria (Italy); leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees, or advocacy groups, unpaid, as member of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Statistical Committee, European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Paris (France), and as a past member 2020–23 (biostatistician) of the Internal Review Board / Internal Ethical Committee Azienda Ospedaliera Santissimi Antonio e Biagio Alessandria and Azienda Sanitaria Locale Alessandria-Vercelli (Italy); all outside the submitted work. L Ronfani reports support for their participation in the current manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017), payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy. B K Sahu reports support for their participation in the current manuscript Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) through their doctoral fellowship. S Saleem reports support for their participation in the current manuscript from Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan, outside the submitted work. Y L Samodra reports grants or contracts from National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan, and Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, through a post-doctoral fellow contract; leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with Benang Merah Research Center (https://www.benangmerah.net) as co-founder; other financial or non-financial interests in Jago Beasiswa (https://www.idebeasiswa.com) as a postgraduate scholarship mentor; all outside the submitted work. V Sharma reports other financial or non-financial support from the Directorate of Forensic Science Services, Ministry of Home Affairs research project (DFSS28(1)2019/EMR/6) and the RUSA 2.0 grant at the Department of Forensic Science (Formerly Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. V Shivarov reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from MSD; a patent issued with the Bulgarian Patent Office (BG113116A SARS-CoV-2-SPECIFIC B-CELL EPITOPES); and other financial or non-financial interests in ICON through their salary; all outside the submitted work. L M L R Silva reports grants or contracts from SPRINT–Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Centro de Investigação & Inovação em Desporto Atividade Física e Saúde (Portugal), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, UID/06185/2025 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UID/06185/2025), UID/PRR/06185/2025 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UID/PRR/06185/2025), and UID/PRR2/06185/2025 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UID/PRR2/06185/2025), all outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from ROMTech, Atheneum, ClearView Healthcare Partners, Yale, Hulio, Horizon Pharmaceuticals/DINORA, ANI/Exeltis, USA Inc, Frictionless Solutions, Schipher, Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs Inc, Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Putnam Associates, Focus Forward, Navigant Consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, and Practice Point communications; the US National Institutes of Health; and the American College of Rheumatology; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from the speaker's bureau of Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, as a past steering committee member of OMERACT; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for the US FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee; leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as past steering committee member of OMERACT, an international organisation that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm's length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies; stock or stock options from aTyr Pharma, atai Life Sciences, Kintara Therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen Pharmaceuticals, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart Pharmaceuticals, Aytu BioPharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics, Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding, Aebona Pharmaceuticals, and Charlotte's Web Holdings; and previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking, and Moderna Pharmaceuticals; outside the submitted work. Samer Singh reports grants or contracts from the following research grants: DTRA-Biological Threat Reduction Program (HDTRA1-21-1-0036); Indian Council of Medical Research (VIR/12/2022/ECD-1); and Institute of Eminence (IoE), Banaras Hindu University (Varanasi, India); outside the submitted work. J D Stanaway reports support for the present manuscript from the Gates Foundation through payments to their institution; grants or contracts from Novo Nordisk and Coefficient Giving through a grant to his institution, outside the submitted work. J H V Ticoalu reports leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with the Benang Merah Research Center (https://www.benangmerah.net) as co-founder, outside the submitted work. S J Tromans reports grants or contracts from NHS Digital, via the UK Department of Health and Social Care for the 2023/4 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, from the National Institute for Health and Care Research Clinical Research Network for multiple studies, from Baily Thomas Charitable Fund, and from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, all through payments to their institution; Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER) to attend a conference and is expecting an honorarium from Dartmouth Health in 2026; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the Royal College of Psychiatrists due to their academic secretary role in the faculty of the Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability; leadership or fiduciary roles in other boards, societies, committees, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, as Academic Secretary and Executive Committee Member for the Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry Special Interest Group and Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Faculty at the Royal College of Psychiatrists, Associate Editor for Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, Editorial Board Member for Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disability, Advances in Autism, BMC Psychiatry, and BJPsych Open, and as Editor of Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Across Cultures (Oxford University Press); all outside the submitted work. V-S Tseriotis reports grants or contracts from the European Academy of Neurology and European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis through personal payments; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Inovis, Genesis Pharma, and Novartis through personal payments; all outside the submitted work. E Upadhyay reports patents planned, issued or pending, for: system and method of reusable filters for anti-pollution mask, “A system and method for electricity generation through crop stubble by using microbial fuel cells”, “A system for disposed personal protection equipment (PPE) into biofuel through pyrolysis and method”, “A novel herbal pharmaceutical aid for formulation of gel and method thereof”, “Herbal drug formulation for treating lung tissue degenerated by particulate matter exposure”, “A method to transform cow dung into the wall paint by using natural materials and composition thereof”, “Biodegradable packaging composition and method of preparation thereof”, “Eco-friendly bio-shoe polish from banana and turmeric”, “Honey-based polyherbal syrup composition to treat air pollution-induced inflammation and preparation method thereof”, “Process for preparing a caffeine free, antioxidant and nutrient rich beverage”, “Polyherbal oral mist composition for dual relief and method for preparation thereof”, “Method for fabricating sustainable waterproof material sheets from LDPE plastic wastes”; all outside the submitted work. P C M Williams reports grants or contracts from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Research Fellowship (Australia), and funding from the Medical Research Future Fund and Gates Foundation, outside the submitted work. Jianhui Zhao reports support for their participation in the current manuscript from Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2024BSSXM20), Zhejiang University Qiushi Flying Eagle Program, Key Laboratory of Integrated Care for Geriatric Chronic Diseases (Kunming Medical University, School of Nursing) and the Yunnan Provincial Education Department (grant number 2024HTHLYB05), and the Doctoral Student Special Program of the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) Young Talent Support Project.